Book 1, Process
Book 2, Culture
Book 4, Learning
Environment Art
refining shapes and adding visual detail, while maintaining clarity and functionality
What is environment art?
Environment art (or "env art") is the cosmetic decoration of a level or game world, while preserving its core spatial functionality and gameplay affordances.
This work involves building up a library of modules, props, textures, materials, and other art assets, and then art passing the level by painting / placing decor to supplement the underlying level geometry and design.
Industrial level designers argue environment art is not level design, and force level designers and environment artists work in separate departments with distinctly different work responsibilities. At a AAA studio, a level designer is supposed to make as little visual art as possible. However, an understanding of environment art concerns and workflows is still important for any productive collaboration between design and art.
diagram comparing level design vs Level Design vs environment art, using process images of "Gallente Research Facility" from Dust 514 by CCP Games
As stated in the introduction, we disagree with the industry trend toward level designer specialization, and errs on the side of generalism. Historically, AAA level designers often made their own environment art up until the early 2000s, and we argue this holism is still what enables a modern practice of level design. And anyway, when working on a small indie development team or personal modding project, level designers will almost certainly do much of their own environment art and lighting.
With basic training, anyone can become an mediocre environment artist, and sometimes mediocre is good enough.
Here we will focus on general environment art principles and high level concerns, so that level designers can better understand the art process. This is not an environment art book.
animated GIF showing iterated blockout and art pass process for "Deathstorm" in Sniper Elite 4 (2017) (via Twitter)
History (STUB)
Formalism in architecture, "form" vs ornament
Model miniatures (model trains, tabletop)
Matte painting tradition, film sets, props and "hero prop" terminology
Film industry shift to virtual production = final convergence of film vfx / game art industries, formal merging of toolchains
Planning
Before you begin an art pass, you should to be able to answer these questions:
- Theme. What is the time of day, climate, and location for the level?
- Gameplay. Which parts need emphasis? What should be simple, what should be detailed?
- Style. Realistic or stylized? What type of realism, what type of style?
- Palette. What's the overall color palette, what's the mood? What kinds of shapes?
- Production. Which parts need to be done first, and which should be last (or never)?
internal concept art, photo reference, and silhouette studies for The Last Of Us Part 2 (2020), board by John Sweeney
Concept art
Concept art is generally any art used for planning the game, but not used in the game itself.
Sometimes the goal of concept art is to convey a desired theme or overall mood, while other times it must communicate technical specifications and details for art assets. Ask yourself, is this concept art meant to inspire, or is it trying to solve a specific visual design problem? Inspirational mood art is most useful during pre-production (especially when pitching a commercial project to a publisher) or early production, but detailed technical art is more useful later in production.
A paintover is a type of concept art that starts with a 3D screenshot (from in-game, in-editor, or mocked-up in a 3D tool) and then an artist literally "paints over" the underlying screenshot to imagine what the final art passed version could look like.
It is very common to paintover a screenshot of a blockout to plan an art pass, and this workflow saves a lot of time because the artist doesn't have to manually draft the perspective calculations for basic shapes. For this reason, even 2D artists should have at least some basic knowledge of 3D art tools, so they can potentially build their own blockouts for paintovers.
first person view (paintover?) of "underground vault" environment concept for Portal 2 (2011)
If you use someone's concept art, credit them -- or even contact the artist and ask for permission before you begin. Attribution is very important if you're looking for a job; everyone knows everyone, and failing to credit someone will look like a red flag.
Model sheets
A model sheet is a more specific type of concept art for individual art assets that includes orthographic views for production artists to work from, as well as contextual mockups to show how that asset should be used within the game.
In the concept art / model sheet pictured below, note how we get a good sense of how this octagonal ice crystal platform model will fit into the whole environment theme. Furthermore, the orthographic top and bottom views answer the prop artist's questions about construction and color, and can be easily brought into a 3D modeling tool as reference. The orthographics emphasize the golden corner trim of each platform, while the bottom-right illustration shows how the corner trims tile together for an interlocking visual effect -- together, it helps the environment artist understand which details are important to preserve and carry over to the in-game asset.
Art assets
After some planning, artists produce art assets -- visual objects to insert directly into the level. Unlike concept art, this is what the game engine must read and what the player will see in-game.
When producing art assets, keep in mind:
- The Brief. What is the task? What does this asset need to do?
- Approval. Who gives feedback on this asset? How will we know if it works?
- Scope. How much time to make this asset? Small rare details deserve less time.
- Workflow. How many steps to make this asset? In which tools?
- Pipeline. How to export art into a format that the engine can read?
Longer term projects (6+ months) with larger teams (6+ people?) should formalize this art production process to avoid costly redos, wasted work, and miscommunication. Maintain a spreadsheet or kanban board to track tasks, and move each asset through different stages of testing and team review. While all this task tracking may feel slow at first, communication and clarity are faster in the long run.
art production process diagram with three review stages, from "Be your best you by critiquing everything your workmates do" by Hannah Mackintosh for Play By Play 2021
Most art assets for levels are either 2D textures or 3D models, but in this section we'll also talk briefly about shaders and special FX later on.
Materials and textures
Textures are 2D images that cover the 3D surface of the map. Since the 2000s we often combine multiple textures together into materials, texture bundles with additional data like roughness, shininess, light emission, etc.
For environment art, texture design and layout is very important. Unlike character skins, we often reuse world textures heavily throughout levels. The ideal environment texture needs to be able to work well in many different situations: it should tile well across a surface, but also easily divide into reusable parts.
texture mapping a medieval house, from Mount and Blade
Modular kit
A modular kit is a 3D tileset made of modules, environmental meshes designed to snap together in a variety of ways. Modules are most effective for buildings and structures that make regular use of repetition along a grid, but they don't work as well for organic or natural shapes.
There are many cases where modular meshes will not connect cleanly, especially if you build off-grid or at non-90 degree angles. Nonetheless, you may still want to preserve certain angles or odd lengths, for metrics reasons or to evoke a gritty dirty non-manufactured natural feel. In these cases, just let the modules freely intersect, and then cover the messy intersection with another object.
For example, imagine you had two rectangular floor meshes that meet at an odd angle -- arrange them to join seamlessly as best as you can, then cover the intersection with a wall, pillar, rock, crate, car, etc. Problem solved!
Hero props / landmarks
hero prop / hero building should ground an important place in the level
don't put hero assets in bad places... don't guitar solo a dumpster, it's a dumpster, move on with your life
For multiplayer maps, unique landmarks give identity to an area and help facilitate callouts, short memorable nicknames that players can use to quickly talk about different parts of the map.
Below is a hero asset by Lydia Zanotti for site B on the map Breeze in Valorant. The large tower looks important and in active use, with unique dark metal machinery that contrasts with the beige stone ruins. The design supports the game lore that "radianite" (the glowing teal substance) is an important resource to control, as well as a gameplay function leaving its bottom section free of distracting shapes or silhouettes. Most importantly, it is used only once throughout the entire map, making the area feel special and unique.
Details (props, foliage, clutter, set dressing)
Trees
for tall forest trees don't put canopy on every trunk and make sure there's detail at the base https://www.gamasutra.com/blogs/DannyWeinbaum/20170216/291658/Art_Tips_for_Building_Forests.php
Readability
Readability is about whether the player can walk around your level and "read" what they are looking at. Simplify what the player must see. Make it legible.
The goal is for the player to understand the level as an whole place, not as a pile of random floors and wall segments.
- Does the player have enough information to understand the current game state?
- Can they easily see enemies / game objects from a distance?
- Can they understand whether that enemy is idle, aggro, or hurt?
- Can the player understand where they can go vs. can't go, should vs. shouldn't go?
When a level begins in abstract blockout form, it is very plain and easy to read. However, as we add additional visual details to the world, the level geometry becomes less distinct and more noisy. An art passed level that is "busy" will be "illegible" and difficult to read.
animated GIF showing visual development and readability for de_cache for Counter-Strike: Global Offensive, art by Shawn Snelling, from GDC 2015: Community Level Design for Competitive CS:GO
In the animated GIF above, notice how the CS map de_cache changed from a dark high-contrast level with shadowy busy details to a brighter more evenly-shaded level with les visual contrast -- that concession to readability makes sense for that game and audience.
Some games such as escape rooms, hidden object games, and prop hunts, are all about the joy of parsing busy cluttered spaces. However, fast-paced multiplayer shooters like Counter-Strike or Valorant depend heavily on split-second reflex aiming and snap judgments, and these players would likely blame an unreadable level for their defeat.
As you art pass a level and apply set dressing, the accumulation of these details can impact the player's understanding of the space.
For example, when art passing the environments in The Last Of Us Part 2, Naughty Dog artists used ivy coverage (see image above) to denote neglected closed buildings, while clearing ivy for open buildings that the player should enter. Also note how ivy flattens the structure of the facade. The player no longer has to inspect every window to wonder if it's navigable or relevant -- a building utterly consumed in ivy means it is closed, and resolves into a green blob. Thus, ivy functions as a simplifies the visual environment and serves as a navigation aid for the player. As long as all the designers and artists maintain consistency in how they use ivy, this decorative foliage effect takes on a new meaning beyond how fancy and expensive the video game looks.
But here's the secret: everything is ivy, everything in environment art has a readability function. When you art pass any part of a level, you are refining the visual patterns that help the player reason about spatial logic.
Clustering
To help players parse and understand the game world more easily, try to compose the set dressing in clusters of related details. Proximity, similarity, and implied connectedness helps us see objects as groups and patterns. This corresponds to a gestalt theory of perception.
To make a rocky outcrop, place one rock, then duplicate, shrink, rotate, and slightly offset... and repeat. To make a forest, place one tree, then duplicate, shrink, rotate, and slightly offset... and repeat. You can repeat this workflow for any type of natural set dressing, or even your landscape compositions. Try to build these compositions in an asymmetrical fractal structure, to give a sense of repeated logic and consistency to the prop placement.
"fractal" clusters of rocks, trees, terrain, and even buckets, from the Allods Online art bible by Anton Lavrushkin
Color and value
Avoid deeply saturated colors, give space for lighting... if you make a very red texture, it can't get much redder. Some games might also reserve specific color coding too (only explosive barrels are red! only doors can be blue and orange!)
Gradients are smooth (not noisy) but still avoid flatness (there is hierarchy)
In the example GIF below of the map "Castillo" from Overwatch, notice how the ground is generally darker than the surrounding walls; wall textures are plain with minimal noisy details; red and pink are generally reserved for floor and roof planes.
example blockout to art pass process comparison GIF of map "Castillo" by Helder Pinto (and others), for Overwatch
Materiality
A material is a specific technical term for a group of textures imported into a game engine -- but more broadly, "material" also refers to materiality -- the general feel, substance, mass, and physical matter represented by the visual surface.
Ideally, an environment texture should read as a distinct real world material. Does the texture truly feel like it's made of brick or rock? Is it too shiny to feel like concrete? Does the glass or wood feel brittle or strong? Being able to read a material is often important for gameplay; for instance, footstep and bullet penetration are common mechanics in tactical shooter games, and rely on players understanding the material they're walking on / shooting at.
As a general rule, most artists strive to craft textures made of clear and distinct materials. A wood texture should still look like wood from 50 meters away, and a shiny metal texture should feel different from a shiny plastic texture.
different world textures convey different surface properties and materials; textures by Marie Lazar (from 80 Level)
Avoid shape and color psychology
Shape and color psychology are theories that shapes / colors convey universal ideas and influence behavior.
While artists often crave secret power over people, shape and color psychology are 99% bullshit. Abstract geometric shapes and colors, by themselves, do not make all humans feel the same thing nor communicate the same ideas. These simplistic theories fail to capture the rich complexity of art and culture. You're better off without them.
How to art pass
There are many ways to approach an art pass, but here's some general advice:
- WORK ITERATIVELY in stages, don't try to make the 100% final version of every asset. You need to see how the art assets will relate to each other, in context, to know if an asset is "finished" or not. When surrounded by other art in the game world, sometimes a 50% finished art asset can actually be 100% "finished enough".
- ART PASS WITH FOCUS, don't just art pass random parts of random areas. Try to push progress along in specific parts of the level, in specific ways or themes, so you can get feedback on your changes. If you art pass haphazardly in incoherent ways, then it is more difficult for others to give you feedback.
- START BIG, and save smaller details for later art passes. Define your basic shapes and massing, color palette, and main themes first. Then after nailing all your fundamentals, you can finally move on to sculpting pebbles or painting grunge marks.
For each animated GIF example below, try to count the number of art pass iterations.
series of art passes for 2D pixel art game Minit, posted by Kitty Calis https://twitter.com/kittycalis/status/981577805992484866
series of art passes and iterations for a portfolio piece by Kieran Goodson, from https://80.lv/articles/001agt-004adk-3d-environment-design-symbols-breakdown/
Example art passes
"Icebox" for Valorant (Riot Games)
Because Valorant is a competitive multiplayer shooter that depends on precise map balance, Riot tailored their art pass process to preserve the level designer's blockout as much as possible. Before entering art production and detailing phases, Valorant maps go through extensive month-long greybox (blockout) and playtest phases as well as several initial art blockout passes to test color swatches and massing. This art blockout gives extra time for level designers to make more changes to the level geometry, and propagate those tweaks back to the artists with minimal waste. Prolonging the blockout stage improves the final art pass and allows for more collaboration between departments.
Before 3D artists can touch a map, our Art Lead and Creative Director work very high level with the concept artists to iterate on finding an iconic look for our maps using a series of blue-sky concepts. At this stage there's a lot of back and forth between the artist and project leadership to make sure the map follows the VALORANT narrative, is marked by visual variety, and most importantly, is something the team is really excited to be working on.After a high-level direction has been locked down, concept artists begin to tackle specific locations and call-outs on the map based on the greybox layout. At this stage, the concept artists try to get as much coverage on the map before the 3D artists jump in and begin modeling the basic shapes of the architecture.
graybox to "art blockout" to "art production" workflow of map Icebox for Valorant from https://playvalorant.com/en-us/news/dev/the-art-of-valorant-map-environments/
We try to model and get the basic architectural shapes into the map before starting to unwrap and texture them. When we start to add colors on the meshes, we make sure that they aren't too dark, especially in interior spaces. The objective here is to maintain gameplay integrity by making sure that the environment doesn't impede with clarity, and that the characters are always clearly visible.As far as texturing goes, we primarily use tiling textures and trim sheets on our buildings and large structures. These are created using a variety of programs such as Zbrush, Substance Designer, Substance Painter, and Photoshop. We do use custom textures on props when needed, such as the coffee machine in the kitchen, or the forklift near A-site.[...] To help with visual noise, we make sure that our materials are similar in value and there isn't too much contrast or darkness. We can also improve clarity by using lights to illuminate dark areas, or to spotlight spaces where you would want the most visibility possible, such as a Spike plant site or a commonly peeked corner.
progression of "Kitchen" area in "Icebox" from blockout to art blockout; notice how the area changes from a hallway to a room (from https://playvalorant.com/en-us/news/dev/the-art-of-valorant-map-environments/)
To review...
Now what?
Further reading
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Contents
What is environment art?
History (STUB)
Planning
Concept art
Model sheets
Art assets
Materials and textures
Modular kit
Hero props / landmarks
Details (props, foliage, clutter, set dressing)
Readability
Clustering
Color and value
Materiality
Avoid shape and color psychology
How to art pass
Example art passes
"Icebox" for Valorant (Riot Games)
To review...
Now what?
Further reading