MDL file format

how to parse Quake 1 models (.MDL) and sample C source code for rendering in 3D
This is an archival mirror of the page "MDL file format (Quake's models)" by David Henry, published on 20 December 2004 (last accessed: 13 January 2021). Licensed under GNU Free Documentation License.
This is a technical file format specification article for programmers. 
For 3D artist tutorials and files, see Quake resources # Modeling instead.
Introduction
The MDL file format is the model format used in Quake (June 1996). MDL model files' characteristics are these:
Model's geometric data (triangles);
8 bits texture data;
Frame-by-frame animations;
A MDL file can hold multiple textures.
MDL model file's extension is .mdl. A MDL file is a binary file divided in two part: the header dans the data. The header contains all information needed to use and manipulate the data.
Variable sizes
Variable types used in this document have those sizes:
char: 1 byte
short: 2 bytes
int: 4 bytes
float: 4 bytes
ubyte: 1 unsigned byte
They correspond to C type sizes on the x86 architecture. Ensure that type sizes correspond to these ones if you're compiling for another architecture.
Endianess issues
Since the MDL file format is a binary format, you'll have to deal with endianess. MDL files are stored in little-endian (x86). If you're targetting a big-endian architecture (PowerPC, SPARC, ...), or simply want your program to be portable, you'll have to perform proper conversions for each word or double word read from the file.
Header
The header is a structure which comes at the beginning of the file:
/* MDL header */
struct mdl_header_t
{
  int ident;            /* magic number: "IDPO" */
  int version;          /* version: 6 */
​
  vec3_t scale;         /* scale factor */
  vec3_t translate;     /* translation vector */
  float boundingradius;
  vec3_t eyeposition;   /* eyes' position */
​
  int num_skins;        /* number of textures */
  int skinwidth;        /* texture width */
  int skinheight;       /* texture height */
​
  int num_verts;        /* number of vertices */
  int num_tris;         /* number of triangles */
  int num_frames;       /* number of frames */
​
  int synctype;         /* 0 = synchron, 1 = random */
  int flags;            /* state flag */
  float size;
};
ident is the magic number of the file. It is used to identify the file type. ident must be equal to 1330660425 or to the string “IDPO”. We can obtain this number with the expression (('2'<<24) + ('P'<<16) + ('D'<<8) + 'I').
version is the version number of the file format and must be equal to 6.
scale and translate are needed to obtain the real vertex coordinates of the model. scale is a scale factor and translate a translation vector (or the origin of the model). You have to first multiply the respective value of scale with the vertex coordinate and then, add the respective value of translate to the result:
vreal[i] = (scale[i] * vertex[i]) + translate[i];
where i ranges from 0 ou 2 (x, y and z coordinates).
boundingradius is the radius of a sphere in which the whole model can fit (used for collision detection for exemple).
eyeposition is... eyes' position (if the model is for a monster or other NPC). Make what you want of it.
num_skins is the number of textures present in the file. skinwidth and skinheight are respectively the with and height of the textures. All textures must have the same size.
num_verts is the number of vertices of one frame.
num_tris is the number of triangles of the model.
num_frames is the number of frames of the model.
Data types
Vector
The vector, composed of three floating coordinates (x, y, z):
/* Vector */
typedef float vec3_t[3];
Texture information
Texture data come right after the header in the file. It can be a texture composed of a single picture or a group of pictures (animated texture).
/* Skin */
struct mdl_skin_t
{
  int group;      /* 0 = single, 1 = group */
  GLubyte *data;  /* texture data */
};
or:
/* Group of pictures */
struct mdl_groupskin_t
{
    int group;     /* 1 = group */
    int nb;        /* number of pics */
    float *time;   /* time duration for each pic */
    ubyte **data;  /* texture data */
};
time is an array of nb elements and data an array of nb arrays of skinwidth * skinheight elements (picture size).
Data pictures are contained in the data array and are in 8 bits color index mode. The colormap is generally in a separate LMP file (*.lmp). LMP files are binary files which contain only 768 bytes (256 colors in 24 bits). They are easy to use: just read the whole file in a buffer and it's done. (see colormap)
There are num_skins objects of mdl_skin_t type or mdl_groupskin_t type.
Texture coordinates
Texture coordinates are stored in a structure as short integers.
/* Texture coords */
struct mdl_texcoord_t
{
  int onseam;
  int s;
  int t;
};
Texture are generally divided in two pieces: one for the frontface of the model, and one for the backface. The backface piece must be translated of skinwidth/2 from the frontface piece.
onseam indicates if the vertex is on the boundary of two pieces.
To obtain real (s, t) coordinates (ranging from 0.0 to 1.0), you have to add 0.5 to the coordinates and then divide the result by skinwidth for s and skinheight for t.
There are num_verts (s, t) texture coordinates in a MDL model. Texture coordinate data come after texture data.
Triangles
Each triangle has an array of vertex indices and a flag to indicate if it is a frontface or a backface triangle.
/* Triangle info */
struct mdl_triangle_t
{
  int facesfront;  /* 0 = backface, 1 = frontface */
  int vertex[3];   /* vertex indices */
};
If a vertex which belong to a backface triangle is on the boundary of two pieces (onseam is true), you have to add skinwidth/2 to s in order to correct texture coordinates.
There are num_tris triangles in a MDL model. Triangle data follow texture coord. data in the file.
Vertices
Vertices are composed of “compressed” 3D coordinates, which are stored in one byte for each coordinate, and of a normal vector index. The normal vector array is stored in the anorms.h file of Quake and hold 162 vectors in floating point (3 float). (see anorms.h)
/* Compressed vertex */
struct mdl_vertex_t
{
  unsigned char v[3];
  unsigned char normalIndex;
};
Frames
Each frames has its vertex list and some other specific informations.
/* Simple frame */
struct mdl_simpleframe_t
{
  struct mdl_vertex_t bboxmin; /* bouding box min */
  struct mdl_vertex_t bboxmax; /* bouding box max */
  char name[16];
  struct mdl_vertex_t *verts;  /* vertex list of the frame */
};
bboxmin and bboxmax define a box in which the model can fit. name is the name of the frame. verts is the vertex list of the frame.
Frames can be simple frames or groups of frames. We can know if it's a simple frame or a group with a flag:
/* Model frame */
struct mdl_frame_t
{
  int type;                        /* 0 = simple, !0 = group */
  struct mdl_simpleframe_t frame;  /* this program can't read models
				      composed of group frames! */
};
or:
/* Group of simple frames */
struct mdl_groupframe_t
{
  int type;                         /* !0 = group */
  struct mdl_vertex_t min;          /* min pos in all simple frames */
  struct mdl_vertex_t max;          /* max pos in all simple frames */
  float *time;                      /* time duration for each frame */
  struct mdl_simpleframe_t *frames; /* simple frame list */
};
time and frames are arrays of nb dimension. min and max correspond to the min and max positions in all simple frames of the frame group. time is the duration of each simple frame.
There are num_frames frames in a MDL model. Frames come after triangle data in the MDL file.
Reading a MDL file
Assuming that mdl_model_t is a structure holding all your model's data and *mdl a pointer on a mdl_model_t object, this code show how to load a MDL model file:
int
ReadMDLModel (const char *filename, struct mdl_model_t *mdl)
{
  FILE *fp;
  int i;
​
  fp = fopen (filename, "rb");
  if (!fp)
    {
      fprintf (stderr, "error: couldn't open \"%s\"!\n", filename);
      return 0;
    }
​
  /* Read header */
  fread (&mdl->header, 1, sizeof (struct mdl_header_t), fp);
​
  if ((mdl->header.ident != 1330660425) ||
      (mdl->header.version != 6))
    {
      /* Error! */
      fprintf (stderr, "Error: bad version or identifier\n");
      fclose (fp);
      return 0;
    }
​
  /* Memory allocations */
  mdl->skins = (struct mdl_skin_t *)
    malloc (sizeof (struct mdl_skin_t) * mdl->header.num_skins);
  mdl->texcoords = (struct mdl_texcoord_t *)
    malloc (sizeof (struct mdl_texcoord_t) * mdl->header.num_verts);
  mdl->triangles = (struct mdl_triangle_t *)
    malloc (sizeof (struct mdl_triangle_t) * mdl->header.num_tris);
  mdl->frames = (struct mdl_frame_t *)
    malloc (sizeof (struct mdl_frame_t) * mdl->header.num_frames);
  mdl->tex_id = (GLuint *)
    malloc (sizeof (GLuint) * mdl->header.num_skins);
​
  mdl->iskin = 0;
​
  /* Read texture data */
  for (i = 0; i < mdl->header.num_skins; ++i)
    {
      mdl->skins[i].data = (GLubyte *)malloc (sizeof (GLubyte)
		* mdl->header.skinwidth * mdl->header.skinheight);
​
      fread (&mdl->skins[i].group, sizeof (int), 1, fp);
      fread (mdl->skins[i].data, sizeof (GLubyte),
	     mdl->header.skinwidth * mdl->header.skinheight, fp);
​
      mdl->tex_id[i] = MakeTextureFromSkin (i, mdl);
​
      free (mdl->skins[i].data);
      mdl->skins[i].data = NULL;
    }
​
  fread (mdl->texcoords, sizeof (struct mdl_texcoord_t),
	 mdl->header.num_verts, fp);
  fread (mdl->triangles, sizeof (struct mdl_triangle_t),
	 mdl->header.num_tris, fp);
​
  /* Read frames */
  for (i = 0; i < mdl->header.num_frames; ++i)
    {
      /* Memory allocation for vertices of this frame */
      mdl->frames[i].frame.verts = (struct mdl_vertex_t *)
	malloc (sizeof (struct mdl_vertex_t) * mdl->header.num_verts);
​
      /* Read frame data */
      fread (&mdl->frames[i].type, sizeof (int), 1, fp);
      fread (&mdl->frames[i].frame.bboxmin,
	     sizeof (struct mdl_vertex_t), 1, fp);
      fread (&mdl->frames[i].frame.bboxmax,
	     sizeof (struct mdl_vertex_t), 1, fp);
      fread (mdl->frames[i].frame.name, sizeof (char), 16, fp);
      fread (mdl->frames[i].frame.verts, sizeof (struct mdl_vertex_t),
	     mdl->header.num_verts, fp);
    }
​
  fclose (fp);
  return 1;
}
Note: this code can't handle MDL files with group frames.
Rendering the model
Here is an example of how to draw a frame n of a model mdl:
void
RenderFrame (int n, const struct mdl_model_t *mdl)
{
  int i, j;
  GLfloat s, t;
  vec3_t v;
  struct mdl_vertex_t *pvert;
​
  /* Check if n is in a valid range */
  if ((n < 0) || (n > mdl->header.num_frames - 1))
    return;
​
  /* Enable model's texture */
  glBindTexture (GL_TEXTURE_2D, mdl->tex_id[mdl->iskin]);
​
  /* Draw the model */
  glBegin (GL_TRIANGLES);
    /* Draw each triangle */
    for (i = 0; i < mdl->header.num_tris; ++i)
      {
	/* Draw each vertex */
	for (j = 0; j < 3; ++j)
	  {
	    pvert = &mdl->frames[n].frame.verts[mdl->triangles[i].vertex[j]];
​
	    /* Compute texture coordinates */
	    s = (GLfloat)mdl->texcoords[mdl->triangles[i].vertex[j]].s;
	    t = (GLfloat)mdl->texcoords[mdl->triangles[i].vertex[j]].t;
​
	    if (!mdl->triangles[i].facesfront &&
		mdl->texcoords[mdl->triangles[i].vertex[j]].onseam)
	      {
		s += mdl->header.skinwidth * 0.5f; /* Backface */
	      }
​
	    /* Scale s and t to range from 0.0 to 1.0 */
	    s = (s + 0.5) / mdl->header.skinwidth;
	    t = (t + 0.5) / mdl->header.skinheight;
​
	    /* Pass texture coordinates to OpenGL */
	    glTexCoord2f (s, t);
​
	    /* Normal vector */
	    glNormal3fv (anorms_table[pvert->normalIndex]);
​
	    /* Calculate real vertex position */
	    v[0] = (mdl->header.scale[0] * pvert->v[0]) + mdl->header.translate[0];
	    v[1] = (mdl->header.scale[1] * pvert->v[1]) + mdl->header.translate[1];
	    v[2] = (mdl->header.scale[2] * pvert->v[2]) + mdl->header.translate[2];
​
	    glVertex3fv (v);
	  }
      }
  glEnd ();
}
Animation
MDL models are frame-by-frame animated. A frame is a screenshot of an animation. To avoid jerked and ugly animations, we use linear interpolation between vertex coordinates of two consecutive frames (the current frame we are drawing and the next frame). We do the same for the normal vector:
struct mdl_vertex_t *pvert1, *pvert2;
vec3_t v;
​
for (/* ... */)
  {
    pvert1 = &mdl->frames[current].frame.verts[mdl->triangles[i].vertex[j]];
    pvert2 = &mdl->frames[current + 1].frame.verts[mdl->triangles[i].vertex[j]];
​
    /* ... */
​
    v[0] = mdl->header.scale[0] * (pvert1->v[0] + interp * (pvert2->v[0] - pvert1->v[0])) + mdl->header.translate[0];
    v[1] = mdl->header.scale[1] * (pvert1->v[1] + interp * (pvert2->v[1] - pvert1->v[1])) + mdl->header.translate[1];
    v[2] = mdl->header.scale[2] * (pvert1->v[2] + interp * (pvert2->v[2] - pvert1->v[2])) + mdl->header.translate[2];
​
    /* ... */
  }
v is the final vertex to draw. interp is the interpolation percent between the two frames. It's a float which ranges from 0.0 to 1.0. When it is equal to 1.0, current is incremented by 1 and interp is reinitialized at 0.0. It is useless to interpolate texture coordinates because they are the same for all the model frames. It is preferable that interp is related to the program's number of rendering frame per second (fps).
void
Animate (int start, int end, int *frame, float *interp)
{
  if ((*frame < start) || (*frame > end))
    *frame = start;
​
  if (*interp >= 1.0f)
    {
      /* Move to next frame */
      *interp = 0.0f;
      (*frame)++;
​
      if (*frame >= end)
	*frame = start;
    }
}
Constants
Here are some constant values defining maximal dimensions:
Maximum number of triangles: 2048
Maximum number of vertices: 1024
Maximum number of texture coordinates: 1024
Maximum number of frames: 256
Number of precalculated normal vectors: 162
Sample C code
mdl.c
Full example C code for loading MDL files.
mdl.c
/*
 * mdl.c -- mdl model loader
 * last modification: mar. 21, 2015
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2005-2015 David HENRY
 *
 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
 * obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
 * files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without
 * restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
 * copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or
 * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
 * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
 *
 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
 * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 *
 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
 * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
 * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
 * NONINFRINGEMENT.
 * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR
 * ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
 * CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
 * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 *
 * gcc -Wall -ansi -lGL -lGLU -lglut mdl.c -o mdl
 */
​
#include <GL/glut.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
​
​
/* Vector */
typedef float vec3_t[3];
​
/* MDL header */
struct mdl_header_t
{
  int ident;            /* magic number: "IDPO" */
  int version;          /* version: 6 */
​
  vec3_t scale;         /* scale factor */
  vec3_t translate;     /* translation vector */
  float boundingradius;
  vec3_t eyeposition;   /* eyes' position */
​
  int num_skins;        /* number of textures */
  int skinwidth;        /* texture width */
  int skinheight;       /* texture height */
​
  int num_verts;        /* number of vertices */
  int num_tris;         /* number of triangles */
  int num_frames;       /* number of frames */
​
  int synctype;         /* 0 = synchron, 1 = random */
  int flags;            /* state flag */
  float size;
};
​
/* Skin */
struct mdl_skin_t
{
  int group;      /* 0 = single, 1 = group */
  GLubyte *data;  /* texture data */
};
​
/* Texture coords */
struct mdl_texcoord_t
{
  int onseam;
  int s;
  int t;
};
​
/* Triangle info */
struct mdl_triangle_t
{
  int facesfront;  /* 0 = backface, 1 = frontface */
  int vertex[3];   /* vertex indices */
};
​
/* Compressed vertex */
struct mdl_vertex_t
{
  unsigned char v[3];
  unsigned char normalIndex;
};
​
/* Simple frame */
struct mdl_simpleframe_t
{
  struct mdl_vertex_t bboxmin; /* bouding box min */
  struct mdl_vertex_t bboxmax; /* bouding box max */
  char name[16];
  struct mdl_vertex_t *verts;  /* vertex list of the frame */
};
​
/* Model frame */
struct mdl_frame_t
{
  int type;                        /* 0 = simple, !0 = group */
  struct mdl_simpleframe_t frame;  /* this program can't read models
				      composed of group frames! */
};
​
/* MDL model structure */
struct mdl_model_t
{
  struct mdl_header_t header;
​
  struct mdl_skin_t *skins;
  struct mdl_texcoord_t *texcoords;
  struct mdl_triangle_t *triangles;
  struct mdl_frame_t *frames;
​
  GLuint *tex_id;
  int iskin;
};
​
/* Table of precalculated normals */
vec3_t anorms_table[162] = {
#include "anorms.h"
};
​
/* Palette */
unsigned char colormap[256][3] = {
#include "colormap.h"
};
​
/*** An MDL model ***/
struct mdl_model_t mdlfile;
​
​
/**
 * Make a texture given a skin index 'n'.
 */
GLuint
MakeTextureFromSkin (int n, const struct mdl_model_t *mdl)
{
  int i;
  GLuint id;
​
  GLubyte *pixels = (GLubyte *)
    malloc (mdl->header.skinwidth * mdl->header.skinheight * 3);
​
  /* Convert indexed 8 bits texture to RGB 24 bits */
  for (i = 0; i < mdl->header.skinwidth * mdl->header.skinheight; ++i)
    {
      pixels[(i * 3) + 0] = colormap[mdl->skins[n].data[i]][0];
      pixels[(i * 3) + 1] = colormap[mdl->skins[n].data[i]][1];
      pixels[(i * 3) + 2] = colormap[mdl->skins[n].data[i]][2];
    }
​
  /* Generate OpenGL texture */
  glGenTextures (1, &id);
  glBindTexture (GL_TEXTURE_2D, id);
​
  glTexParameteri (GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
  glTexParameteri (GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
  glTexParameteri (GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
  glTexParameteri (GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
​
  gluBuild2DMipmaps (GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_RGB, mdl->header.skinwidth,
		     mdl->header.skinheight, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE,
		     pixels);
​
  /* OpenGL has its own copy of image data */
  free (pixels);
  return id;
}
​
/**
 * Load an MDL model from file.
 *
 * Note: MDL format stores model's data in little-endian ordering.  On
 * big-endian machines, you'll have to perform proper conversions.
 */
int
ReadMDLModel (const char *filename, struct mdl_model_t *mdl)
{
  FILE *fp;
  int i;
​
  fp = fopen (filename, "rb");
  if (!fp)
    {
      fprintf (stderr, "error: couldn't open \"%s\"!\n", filename);
      return 0;
    }
​
  /* Read header */
  fread (&mdl->header, 1, sizeof (struct mdl_header_t), fp);
​
  if ((mdl->header.ident != 1330660425) ||
      (mdl->header.version != 6))
    {
      /* Error! */
      fprintf (stderr, "Error: bad version or identifier\n");
      fclose (fp);
      return 0;
    }
​
  /* Memory allocations */
  mdl->skins = (struct mdl_skin_t *)
    malloc (sizeof (struct mdl_skin_t) * mdl->header.num_skins);
  mdl->texcoords = (struct mdl_texcoord_t *)
    malloc (sizeof (struct mdl_texcoord_t) * mdl->header.num_verts);
  mdl->triangles = (struct mdl_triangle_t *)
    malloc (sizeof (struct mdl_triangle_t) * mdl->header.num_tris);
  mdl->frames = (struct mdl_frame_t *)
    malloc (sizeof (struct mdl_frame_t) * mdl->header.num_frames);
  mdl->tex_id = (GLuint *)
    malloc (sizeof (GLuint) * mdl->header.num_skins);
​
  mdl->iskin = 0;
​
  /* Read texture data */
  for (i = 0; i < mdl->header.num_skins; ++i)
    {
      mdl->skins[i].data = (GLubyte *)malloc (sizeof (GLubyte)
		* mdl->header.skinwidth * mdl->header.skinheight);
​
      fread (&mdl->skins[i].group, sizeof (int), 1, fp);
      fread (mdl->skins[i].data, sizeof (GLubyte),
	     mdl->header.skinwidth * mdl->header.skinheight, fp);
​
      mdl->tex_id[i] = MakeTextureFromSkin (i, mdl);
​
      free (mdl->skins[i].data);
      mdl->skins[i].data = NULL;
    }
​
  fread (mdl->texcoords, sizeof (struct mdl_texcoord_t),
	 mdl->header.num_verts, fp);
  fread (mdl->triangles, sizeof (struct mdl_triangle_t),
	 mdl->header.num_tris, fp);
​
  /* Read frames */
  for (i = 0; i < mdl->header.num_frames; ++i)
    {
      /* Memory allocation for vertices of this frame */
      mdl->frames[i].frame.verts = (struct mdl_vertex_t *)
	malloc (sizeof (struct mdl_vertex_t) * mdl->header.num_verts);
​
      /* Read frame data */
      fread (&mdl->frames[i].type, sizeof (int), 1, fp);
      fread (&mdl->frames[i].frame.bboxmin,
	     sizeof (struct mdl_vertex_t), 1, fp);
      fread (&mdl->frames[i].frame.bboxmax,
	     sizeof (struct mdl_vertex_t), 1, fp);
      fread (mdl->frames[i].frame.name, sizeof (char), 16, fp);
      fread (mdl->frames[i].frame.verts, sizeof (struct mdl_vertex_t),
	     mdl->header.num_verts, fp);
    }
​
  fclose (fp);
  return 1;
}
​
/**
 * Free resources allocated for the model.
 */
void
FreeModel (struct mdl_model_t *mdl)
{
  int i;
​
  if (mdl->skins)
    {
      free (mdl->skins);
      mdl->skins = NULL;
    }
​
  if (mdl->texcoords)
    {
      free (mdl->texcoords);
      mdl->texcoords = NULL;
    }
​
  if (mdl->triangles)
    {
      free (mdl->triangles);
      mdl->triangles = NULL;
    }
​
  if (mdl->tex_id)
    {
      /* Delete OpenGL textures */
      glDeleteTextures (mdl->header.num_skins, mdl->tex_id);
​
      free (mdl->tex_id);
      mdl->tex_id = NULL;
    }
​
  if (mdl->frames)
    {
      for (i = 0; i < mdl->header.num_frames; ++i)
	{
	  free (mdl->frames[i].frame.verts);
	  mdl->frames[i].frame.verts = NULL;
	}
​
      free (mdl->frames);
      mdl->frames = NULL;
    }
}
​
/**
 * Render the model at frame n.
 */
void
RenderFrame (int n, const struct mdl_model_t *mdl)
{
  int i, j;
  GLfloat s, t;
  vec3_t v;
  struct mdl_vertex_t *pvert;
​
  /* Check if n is in a valid range */
  if ((n < 0) || (n > mdl->header.num_frames - 1))
    return;
​
  /* Enable model's texture */
  glBindTexture (GL_TEXTURE_2D, mdl->tex_id[mdl->iskin]);
​
  /* Draw the model */
  glBegin (GL_TRIANGLES);
    /* Draw each triangle */
    for (i = 0; i < mdl->header.num_tris; ++i)
      {
	/* Draw each vertex */
	for (j = 0; j < 3; ++j)
	  {
	    pvert = &mdl->frames[n].frame.verts[mdl->triangles[i].vertex[j]];
​
	    /* Compute texture coordinates */
	    s = (GLfloat)mdl->texcoords[mdl->triangles[i].vertex[j]].s;
	    t = (GLfloat)mdl->texcoords[mdl->triangles[i].vertex[j]].t;
​
	    if (!mdl->triangles[i].facesfront &&
		mdl->texcoords[mdl->triangles[i].vertex[j]].onseam)
	      {
		s += mdl->header.skinwidth * 0.5f; /* Backface */
	      }
​
	    /* Scale s and t to range from 0.0 to 1.0 */
	    s = (s + 0.5) / mdl->header.skinwidth;
	    t = (t + 0.5) / mdl->header.skinheight;
​
	    /* Pass texture coordinates to OpenGL */
	    glTexCoord2f (s, t);
​
	    /* Normal vector */
	    glNormal3fv (anorms_table[pvert->normalIndex]);
​
	    /* Calculate real vertex position */
	    v[0] = (mdl->header.scale[0] * pvert->v[0]) + mdl->header.translate[0];
	    v[1] = (mdl->header.scale[1] * pvert->v[1]) + mdl->header.translate[1];
	    v[2] = (mdl->header.scale[2] * pvert->v[2]) + mdl->header.translate[2];
​
	    glVertex3fv (v);
	  }
      }
  glEnd ();
}
​
/**
 * Render the model with interpolation between frame n and n+1.